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Works Frequently Cited
Quotations from these editions are identified in the main text by author, title of work, and, following the passage quoted, citation within parentheses of volume and page number:
Thomas Carlyle, The Works "Centenary Edition", ed. H. D. Traill, 30 vols. London, 1896-9 .
Patrick Fairbairn, The Typology of Scripture viewed in connection with the whole series of . . . The Divine Dispensations, 2 vols. Grand Rapids, 1975, reprint of N. Y., 1900 edition .
Thomas Hartwell Horne, An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, 7th ed., 4 vols. London, 1834.
John Keble, Sermons for the Christian Year, 7 vols. Oxford, 1879-80 .
John Henry Newman, Parochial and Plain Sermons, 8 vols. London, 1891.
John Ruskin, The Works 'The Library Edition', eds. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, 39 vols. London, 1903-12.
John Charles Ryle, Knots Untied. Being Plain Statements on Disputed Points in Religion, from the Standpoint of an Evangelical Churchman , 13th edn. London, 1891.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Sermons, 20 vols. London, 1856.
[Adapted from Victorian Types, Victorian Shadows: Biblical Typology in Victorian Literature, Art, and Thought, 1980. Full text]
Applications of orthodox types to judge oneself sternly, such as Jane Eyre makes, are found more often in spiritual autobiographies and sermons than in novels, and the fact that Jane Eyre takes the form of an autobiography explains in part how such types can there be used so effectively. Rochesteršs misapplication of scriptural texts exemplifies a far more common use in fiction of prefigurative symbolism. A third use of types for purposes of characterization is the purely mimetic one by which their appearance in dialogue identifies someone as belonging to a particular Church party or dissenting sect.
Print version published 1980; web version 1998
